AT1 Bonds: Meaning, Interest Rate & Risks Explained
07 October 2025
What Are AT1 Bonds?
In India’s financial ecosystem, Additional Tier 1 (AT1) Bonds play a crucial role in strengthening banks’ capital base. These bonds are unique hybrid instruments combining features of both equity and debt. While they offer higher returns than traditional bonds, they also come with distinctive risks and conditions.
This article explains what AT1 bonds are, how they work, their interest rates, and why they have been both an important and controversial part of the Indian banking system.
AT1 Bonds, or Additional Tier 1 Bonds, are perpetual debt instruments issued by banks to raise long-term capital. They form part of the bank’s Tier 1 capital, which acts as a financial buffer during economic stress or loss situations.
Unlike traditional bonds with a fixed maturity date, AT1 bonds have no maturity period. This means investors continue to receive interest payments (known as coupons) as long as the issuing bank remains solvent and chooses to pay them.
These instruments were introduced as part of Basel III norms, aimed at enhancing the resilience of banks post the 2008 global financial crisis.
Key Features of AT1 Bonds
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Issuer | Scheduled commercial banks |
| Tenure | Perpetual (no maturity date) |
| Interest (Coupon) Rate | Generally higher than other bonds due to risk exposure |
| Callable Option | Issuer may redeem the bond after 5 years (subject to RBI approval) |
| Conversion or Write-off Clause | Bonds can be written off or converted into equity under financial stress |
| Ranking in Repayment | Lower priority than other bonds but higher than equity shares |
AT1 Bonds Interest Rate
The interest rate on AT1 bonds varies depending on the issuing bank’s financial health and prevailing market conditions. Generally, the rates are 1.5% to 3% higher than comparable government securities or corporate bonds.
However, it’s important to note that these coupon payments are not guaranteed. The issuing bank can skip interest payments if it doesn’t have adequate profits or faces a capital shortfall — and investors cannot legally claim those missed payments later.
For instance, several Indian banks have issued AT1 bonds with coupon rates ranging between 8.5% and 9.75% in the past decade, attracting investors seeking higher yields.
Why Do Banks Issue AT1 Bonds?
Banks issue AT1 bonds primarily to strengthen their Tier 1 capital without diluting equity ownership. This capital acts as a safety net that absorbs losses and protects depositors during financial distress.
In essence, AT1 bonds allow banks to:
Maintain adequate capital adequacy ratios (CAR) as per RBI norms.
Access long-term funds without increasing their debt burden.
Meet regulatory capital requirements under Basel III guidelines.
Risks Associated with AT1 Bonds
While AT1 bonds offer attractive coupon rates, they carry significant risks, making them unsuitable for risk-averse investors.
1. No Fixed Maturity
Since these bonds are perpetual, investors cannot expect principal repayment at a fixed date.
2. Write-off or Conversion Risk
In case the bank’s capital falls below a certain threshold, RBI may direct the bank to write off the bond’s value or convert it into equity shares.
3. Discretionary Interest Payments
Coupon payments depend on the bank’s financial performance and regulatory approval.
4. Low Liquidity
AT1 bonds are not as liquid as other listed securities, making them harder to trade in the secondary market.
AT1 Bonds in India
In India, AT1 bonds gained prominence after their introduction in 2013. Major public and private sector banks, including SBI, HDFC Bank, and Axis Bank, have issued these instruments.
However, their risk profile drew attention during the Yes Bank crisis in 2020, when RBI instructed the bank to write off ₹8,400 crore worth of AT1 bonds. This event highlighted the potential downside for retail investors and led to greater regulatory scrutiny.
Post this incident, SEBI and RBI have tightened norms around who can invest in these bonds, limiting access to high-net-worth or institutional investors.
Types of AT1 Bonds
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Convertible AT1 Bonds | Can be converted into equity shares if the bank faces financial distress. |
| Non-Convertible AT1 Bonds | Written off completely when regulatory capital falls below the minimum threshold. |
| Callable AT1 Bonds | Allow banks to redeem them after 5 years with RBI approval. |
Convertible Bonds vs. AT1 Bonds
| Parameter | Convertible Bonds | AT1 Bonds |
|---|---|---|
| Issuer | Corporates | Banks |
| Tenure | Fixed maturity | Perpetual |
| Conversion Trigger | At investor’s discretion or maturity | Regulatory trigger (financial distress) |
| Risk Level | Moderate | High |
| Interest Rate | Moderate | High |
Should You Invest in AT1 Bonds?
From an educational standpoint, AT1 bonds are complex financial instruments suitable for institutional or sophisticated investors who understand high-risk, high-yield investments.
They may offer higher coupon returns, but investors must evaluate:
The issuing bank’s financial strength
Past record of coupon payments
Regulatory announcements by RBI
Investors should always conduct independent due diligence or consult a financial advisor before investing.
FAQs
1. What is the full form of AT1 bonds?
The full form of AT1 bonds is Additional Tier 1 Bonds.
2. Are AT1 bonds safe to invest in?
They are riskier than regular bonds because they can be written off or converted into equity under stress situations.
3. Who can invest in AT1 bonds?
Primarily, institutional and high-net-worth investors. Retail participation has been restricted post the Yes Bank incident.
4. What is the interest rate of AT1 bonds?
It typically ranges between 8.5% and 9.75%, depending on the issuer’s credit rating and market conditions.
5. Are AT1 bonds listed on stock exchanges?
Yes, they are generally listed on NSE or BSE, but liquidity remains limited compared to other securities.
Disclaimer
This blog is intended solely for educational and informational purposes. The bonds and securities mentioned herein are illustrative examples and should not be construed as investment advice or personal recommendations. BondScanner, as a SEBI-registered Online Bond Platform Provider (OBPP), does not provide personalized investment advice through this content.
Readers are advised to independently evaluate investment options and seek professional guidance before making financial decisions. Investments in bonds and other securities are subject to market risks, including the possible loss of principal. Please read all offer documents and risk disclosures carefully before investing.